What is PBM Therapy?
Photobiomodulation, also referred to as low-level light therapy (LLLT) or cold laser therapy, is a non-invasive therapeutic approach that harnesses the power of light to stimulate biological processes within living tissues. This technique involves the application of low-level laser or light-emitting diode (LED) light to targeted areas of the body.
What are it’s applications?
Photobiomodulation has been studied extensively for over 40 years in various medical fields, including dermatology, orthopedics, neurology, and sports medicine. It is used for conditions such as wound healing, musculoskeletal injuries, neuropathic pain, and inflammatory disorders. Photobiomodulation is gaining recognition in beauty therapy treatments, such as skin rejuvenation and hair regrowth.
What does the research say?
Recent studies show promising results for the affects PBM can have on neurological disorders, including Alzheimer’s Disease, Parkinson’s Disease, stroke and Traumatic Brain Injuries. Studies have also assessed its use for cognitive enhancement in healthy subjects.
How does Photobiomodulation work?
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Photobiomodulation delivers energy which is absorbed by our cells.
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The energy absorbed by our cells creates fuel for the production of ATP.
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Increase in ATP Leads to clinical benefits
How does PBM treat Alzheimer’s Disease?
Alzheimer's Disease is a complex brain disorder caused by several key issues. The accumulation of amyloid-beta proteins form plaques between neurons, disrupting cell function. Inside cells, twisted tau proteins create tangles, leading to dysfunction and death. Chronic brain inflammation, part of the immune response to abnormal proteins, further damages neurons. These combined effects cause widespread neuron death and brain shrinkage, especially in areas crucial for memory and thinking. Consequently, people with Alzheimer's Disease experience memory loss, poor judgment, and cognitive difficulties, leading to progressive decline.
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Researchers consistently find that photobiomodulation therapy for Alzheimer's disease primarily leads to a reduction in both the quantity and size of amyloid-beta (Aβ) plaques. This reduction correlates with improvements in cognitive function.
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It is theorised that PBM therapy has the potential to stimulate, heal, regenerate, and protect brain tissue that has either been injured, is degenerating, or is at risk of dying.
Some of the proposed mechanisms of action of PBM on Alzheimer's Disease are discussed below:
Improved metabolic functioning
Improved metabolic functioning is one of the most easily recognisable effects of PBM, and increased ATP production is one the most strongly supported mechanisms of action. Stimulation of the mitochondria increases the efficiency of cellular respiration, leading to higher ATP production. As a result, cells may have more energy available for various metabolic processes, including tissue repair, inflammation modulation, and cellular regeneration.
Promoting vasodilation
Near infrared light has been reported to induce vasodilation (widening of of blood vessels increasing blood flow) especially in the microcirculation. This effect might occur through the release of preformed nitric oxide, which is known to be boosted by red light exposure. Vasodilation can potentially expedite tissue healing by improving oxygen and nutrient availability while facilitating the removal of waste products from the treated area.
Reducing oxidative stress
and inflammation
In Alzheimer's Disease, mitochondrial dysfunction, high levels of metals, and neuroinflammation cause oxidative stress, leading to amyloid-beta buildup, tau tangles, and neuron loss. Photobiomodulation may reduce oxidative stress by boosting antioxidants, protecting neurons. PBM may also shift microglia, the brain's immune cells, from a pro-inflammatory to an anti-inflammatory state, reducing inflammation and aiding tissue repair. Additionally, PBM inhibits pathways like NF-κB and MAPK, decreasing inflammation and neurodegeneration.
Neuroprotection
Photobiomodulation may also support neuronal health and protection by affecting key cellular pathways. It is suggested PBM activates the Akt pathway, promoting cell survival and growth, and inhibits the GSK-3β pathway, which prevents cell death. PBM may also stimulate the FOXM1 pathway, encouraging cell proliferation and neuronal strength. These actions could help counteract neurodegenerative disorders and injuries.
Is PBM Safe?
Evidence-based safety
The safety of PBM has been extensively studied, and it is generally considered safe when used appropriately. Numerous in person studies and clinical trials have not reported any serious side effects. Minor side effects including slight headaches, difficulty sleeping and mild itching on the skin are rare. Read the clinical studies to find out more.